The @ or At Symbol in Spanish Name and Origins

The Spanish word for the or at symbol, arroba, as well as the symbol itself have been part of Spanish for centuries, since before email was even invented. Key Takeaways: @ in Spanish The at symbol or has been used for centuries in Spanish, which adopted its use for email in imitation of English.The symbols name, arroba, was originally an Arabic word used in measurements.In modern usage, the is sometimes used to indicate explicitly that a gendered word includes both males and females. Term Came From International Trade Arroba is believed to have come from the Arabic ar-roub, meaning one fourth. At least as early as the 16th century, the word was commonly used as a term of measurement in international trade, especially in the region that includes Italy, France, and the Iberian Peninsula. Today, an  arroba is still a unit of weight, although the amount varies from about 10.4 to 12.5 kilograms (about 23 to 27.5 pounds), depending on the region. Arroba also came to refer to various liquid measures varying from region to region. Although such measurements arent standard or official, they still get some local usage. The arroba has long been sometimes written as , which is a kind of stylized a. It came to Spanish, like most Spanish vocabulary, from Latin, where it probably was used by scribes as a quick-to-write combination of the a and the d for the common preposition ad, whose meanings included toward, to, and on. You may have heard of the word from the Latin phrase ad astra, meaning to the stars. As in English, the symbol also came to be used in commercial documents in indicating the cost of individual items. So a receipt could say something like 5 botellas 15 pesos to indicate that five bottles were sold at 15 pesos each. Using the Arroba for Email The symbol was first used in email addresses by an American engineer in 1971. When Spanish speakers began using email, it became a natural step to simply use the term arroba, thus putting a word from the days of Columbus into the lexicon of the computer age. The term la a comercial is also sometimes used to refer to the symbol, just as it can be referred to in English as the commercial a.   It is not uncommon to use the word ​arroba when writing e-mail addresses so they are less likely to be copied by spam robots. Thus if I were trying to slightly obfuscate my address, or if I were using some sort of a typewriter or device that couldnt handle the standard symbol, my e-mail address would be aboutspanish arroba comcast.net. Another Use for the Arroba Modern Spanish also has another use for the arroba. It is sometimes used as a combination of a and o to refer to both male and female persons. For example ​muchachs could be used as the equivalent of muchachos y muchachas (boys and girls), and latin could be used to refer to either a male or female person from Latin America. In standard, traditional Spanish, muchachos, the masculine plural, can refer to boys alone or to boys and girls at the same time. Muchachas refers to girls, but not boys and girls at the same time. This usage of the has not been approved by the Royal Spanish Academy, and it is seldom found in mainstream publications except perhaps in help-wanted ads to show that a person of either sex could be hired. It tends to be used most in feminist-friendly publications and in academia, although it also has some use in social media. You might also see the x used in a similar way, so that latinx could mean latino o latina. Other Internet Symbols in Spanish Here are the Spanish names for other symbols common in Internet or computer use: The pound sign or # is most commonly known as the signo de nà ºmero (number sign), often reduced to numeral. Less common is almohadilla, the word for a small pillow such as a pincushion.The pound sign can be combined with a word such as #this to form a hashtag, although language purists prefer etiqueta, the word for label.The backslash or \ can be called a barra inversa, barra invertida, or diagonal invertida, all of which mean reverse slash.The asterisk is simply asterisco. The word estrella, or star, is not used.

Powerful Construction Management Software Solutions For...

4 Powerful Construction Management Software Solutions for Contractors It is hard to find any industry that has not been significantly impacted by the technology revolution, and the construction industry is no exception. In this technology driven age, construction project managers and contractors have access to a number of software options that offer the logistic and administrative support necessary to create a streamlined, efficient process that has the capacity to increase productivity, improve communication and reduce overall costs. The software that is available is diverse and flexible enough to be ideal for both, commercial and residential projects. Contractors and project managers no longer have to be burdened down with an exorbitant amount of paperwork in order to track the progress of a particular project. The advanced technology era has ushered in a new project management model in which one of a number of project management software programs makes it easy to reduce time and costs in managing construction projects. This article will take a look at some of the software programs that are available, as well as some of the features that make them an ideal choice for construction projects. Aconex Without question, Aconex is one of the most comprehensive and engaging construction management tools on the market. The program was initially launched over 15 years ago; however, it has developed into one of the leaders in the industry, presenting multitudinous solutions thatShow MoreRelatedDesigning Of Plan Layout And Architecture Of House1253 Words   |  6 Pages Even contractors get confuse while investing in big society just by looking at planning; like if the outcome of construction does not go as good as design. 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Professional Presence Essay Example For Students

Professional Presence Essay The relationship between the doctor and the patient is the basis of medicine, the platform on which the treatment process is based. An indicator of professional presence is the ability to establish the necessary psychosocial contact with the patient. It depends on his ability to understand human beings, physical body and spiritual body, whether the patient will follow the proposed recommendations, and regularly take medications. Only a doctor can set up rules with the patient for a positive outcome, make him believe in his strength and capabilities and create a healing environment. The professional qualities of the doctor are manifested in the ability to build the most acceptable relationship and environment with the patient based on the ethical, moral, clinical aspects of the doctor’s activities. The Key Rules With a smart, tactful word, it is possible to cheer up a person’s mood, instill in him courage and hope. At the same time, with a careless word one can deeply hurt the spiritual body, cause a sharp deterioration in human health. Based on this, the need arises for the obligatory possession of a professional presence, psychosocial support and the influence of a medical worker. An important factor in healing is not only what to say, but how, why, where. It is necessary to consider how the respondent to whom the medical worker addresses will respond: the patient, his family, colleagues, and so on. The same thought can be expressed in different ways. Moreover, patients can understand the same word in different ways, depending on their intellect, personal qualities, human beings, the spiritual body, and temperament. Not only words, but also intonation, facial expression, gestures are of great importance in a psychosocial environment of the patient, his relatives, and colleagues. Medical specialists need to have a special â€Å"sensitivity to the person,† possess empathy and the ability to sympathize, put himself in the patients place. He should be able to understand the physical body of the patient and his family, be able to listen to the â€Å"soul† of the patient, calm and convince. We can say that this is a kind of art, and not easy. After all, it is not only the ability to social support but the need in self-discipline. The Connection Between Communication and Healing Every word of the medical staff can have tremendous psychotherapeutic meaning. An important role in the process of interaction between the medical worker and personality is played by the perception and understanding of human beings. It is worth paying attention to the fact that incompetence in communication, at least, on the one hand, can disrupt the entire therapeutic rules of healing, social support and not lead to the desired results. The Samueli Institute is conducting numerous health studies on how medical personnel can influence the healing. Moreover, Samueli researchers are convinced that with proper treatment and understanding of psychology, it is possible to improve the environment and quality of life of a society. Samueli Institute offers training for medical staff in this direction, which is still quite popular today. The nature of the reactions that arise in the system of the higher nervous activity of the patient directly depends on the doctor himself. The entire appearance of the doctor, his manner of staying with the sick, the tone of his conversation, his emotional state is a complex of stimuli with tremendous strength and significance, which are capable of causing a very strong psychosocial and emotional reaction on the part of the patient. Mutual understanding between the doctor and the patient directly affects the effectiveness of treatment and healing as well as the correct diagnosis, and the full medical care provided. When communicating with the personality, especially during the first contact, the doctor should remember rules, be benevolent, with understanding refers to the experiences of the patient and physical body state. A personality who experiences physical and psycho discomfort from his condition does not have enough medical knowledge; it is difficult to find the strength to build a relationship with a doctor, cooperation, focus on the main thing, and the ability to separate the main and secondary. In this regard, it is the physician who should be the initiator of establishing trusting relationships, provide psychosocial support being able to listen to the patient, and express an understanding of what has been said. .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .postImageUrl , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:hover , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:visited , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:active { border:0!important; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:active , .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640 .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u363927696515c428d068be46df01c640:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The papacy EssayPatient and Medical Worker Behavior The behavior of a medical specialist with a patient depends on the characteristics of his psyche, which largely determines the so-called internal health. It can be said that this is the awareness by the patient of his disease, the reflection in his consciousness of the disease, the holistic view of the patient about his disease, its psycho assessment of the subjective manifestations of the disease. These factors are directly influenced by the characteristics of the patient’s personality (temperament, type of higher nervous activity, character, intelligence, and so on). The internal state of the patient is distinguished: sensual level, which implies painful feelings; emotional the patients response to their pain; intellectual knowledge of the disease and its assessment, the degree of awareness of the severity and consequences of the disease; attitude towards the disease, motivation for the return of health. The sensual level is very important because it allows diagnosing the disease more accurately. The emotional level reflects the patient’s experiences diseases. Unfortunately, these emotions are always negative. Proceeding from this, the medical , as a rule, have to show sympathy, to be able to elevate the mood, and instill hope for a favorable end to the disease and in no case should be indifferent to the experiences. The intellectual level depends on personality, intelligence and general cultural development of patients. It should be borne in mind that patients can know a lot about their disease (special literature, Internet). This case allows you to build your relationship with patients on the principles of partnership, without rejecting requests and information available to the patient. People with fairly acute diseases have a lower intellectual level of mind awareness of the sheath. As a rule, they know very little, and this knowledge is very superficial. In such a case, the task of the worker is to the extent necessary and in view of the condition to fill the lack of knowledge about the disease, to make healing environment, to explain the essence of the disease, to tell about the upcoming treatment. In other words, to attract the personality to the joint fight against the disease, aim it at healing, and not at the opposite effect. Knowledge of the intellectual level of the internal state of health allows defining the correct choice of treatment tactics, healing, and psychotherapy. The rules of every medical professional are to manifest humanism, provide a healing environment, to assist the sick, provide social support and never participate in activities that are against physical and mental health. Responsibility for their actions, work and the quality of its performance in the activities of medical workers acquire special meaning in order to heal human. This is due to the fact that no profession has such close, concrete contact with the most important and secret for any person, namely, life and death. Specialists in this area confide in the life and health of people. It is worth remembering that they are responsible not only to the individual person, but also his family, environment, and society as a whole.

Testing of life expectancy Would you want to know

Introduction Throughout the internet, there are numerous websites claiming to have softwares where people upon entering some personal information, they are informed with accuracy their life expectancy. The apparent accuracy of these tests is inadmissible and most of those people who take them rarely believe what they are told.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Testing of life expectancy: Would you want to know? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because different softwares produce varied results making it difficult even for the most ardent believers of these frauds to swallow what they see. While most of the online tests are frauds with little credibility, there could actually be a new way to determine people’s life expectancy. Scientists in the UK may be able to tell how long one will live through a special blood test that will involve study of a person’s genetic make up. Most of the people who participate on the online tests will find this interesting because of the level of scientific involvement and the increased interaction with those that are offering the test. The fact that these scientists are ready to roll out the service in the market shows that they are convinced that it is credible and that they are ready to shoulder any legal challenges and are ready to prove scientifically that their method works. The question however is whether people will be willing to take the test or not. I would not want to have the test Before a person takes this test, a number of factors come to play. When carefully analyzed, the demerits outweigh the merits that should discourage any person of sound mind from taking the test. Validity of the test, the financial aspect, and the mental preparedness of such an undertaking will discourage me from taking the test. The reasons for not taking the test are tackled below in detail. Validity of the test and financial aspect The test seeks to an alyze a person’s status of telomeres, to determine the speed of aging. The wisdom behind this is that the shorter the telomeres, the faster someone will age.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since old age is generally associated with end of life, these scientists reckon they can use statistics like the prevailing life expectancy of a person’s region to calculate the number of years he/she will live. What they do not tell people is that this test will only test the biological age of a person. While biological age may have some correlation with chronological age, it is not in entirety an accurate way to determine how long a person will leave. To be fair, this test takes a ceteris paribus approach to chronological age. While it is possible for one’s biological age to be over a hundred, chronological age is subject to many factors like accidents that can easily take a pers on’s life at any age. Unless they include the element of other factors that cause death and are beyond human control, its will be a mere waste of time to take the test. All the above comes at a staggering figure of an equivalent of $700, a figure way beyond what many of those that will want to take the test. As it is, there are currently many tests that are available and that take into account many factors beyond biological age with somewhat accurate results of life expectancy. Well, assuming the test is to some extent accurate and one’s life expectancy is ascertained, its will be a source of personal problems like emotional breakdowns that may prove difficult to handle. Emotional breakdown Given that this test is backed by some scientific prove, some people are likely to take the results in their entirety. Human beings have for along time thrived in mystery and ignorance. The mystery that surrounds death and the lack of knowledge on how it is caused and when it will h appen has spared many people a lot of agony. Knowledge of a person’s date or apparent date of death is likely to plunge some people into a state of emotional distress that is brought about by denial, fear, and apprehension.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Testing of life expectancy: Would you want to know? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is safe to assume that not many people can face the certainty of death in their sober state of minds. This alone is reason enough for one not to take the test because clearly the benefits of knowing your date of death are less those of not knowing. Conclusion There will be a lot of pros and cons about the life expectancy tests. The decision however lies with any individual that is interested. Whatever it is, the bottom line remains that this test will do more harm than good. This essay on Testing of life expectancy: Would you want to know? was written and submitted by user Lee Perry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hdf 211 Essay Example

Hdf 211 Essay What are the (four) goals of science/theories? How do each of these goals contribute to our knowledge in reference to human development? What do continuous/discontinuous and quantitative/qualitative changes in development refer to and how do these two terms differ from one another? What are the three domains of development and what does each refer to? What is the nature-nurture debate about? What would someone believe if they argued that nature (or nurture) were more important influences on development? What are the key principles of the (Baltes’) lifespan approach? What does each of these principles mean? 2. What is imprinting? What are critical and sensitive periods (what was the point of the video clip! )? What does the terms plasticity mean in reference to development? What is the difference between normative and nonnormative influences on development and what is an example of each? Be able to define normative age-graded and normative history-graded influences. What is a cohort and how could cohort effects influence development? 3. What do genotype-environment interactions suggest? What are passive, evocative, and active genotype-environment interactions (these are also listed on pp. 2-73 in the text)? Why might active genotype-environment interactions become more common during adolescence than during early childhood? Why might siblings raised in the same family be different? What is an example of a non-shared environment? 4. What is a theory? On what fundamental issues to most theories differ (three were mentioned in class)? Who were the ma in theorists (what were their names) behind each major theory presented in class and the text? Be sure to know the main ideas associated with each theory and be able to name stages, but not necessarily the details of Erikson at this point, we get at those throughout. We will write a custom essay sample on Hdf 211 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hdf 211 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hdf 211 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Be able to recognize the stages of Freud and Piaget. What is the information processing approach and what is the key concern of this theory? What is developmental cognitive neuroscience? What are ethology and evolutionary psychology (the text call this evolutionary developmental psychology)? What is the difference between behaviorism and social learning theories? You may skip Vygotsky (not on the test). And you should know each of the levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory and how this theory is usually applied. 5. What is the difference between an idiographic and a nomothetic explanation? How does sampling relate to the generalizability (our ability to generalize results) or research results? What are the common research methods presented in your text? What are the basic research designs? What do correlational studies tell us? What kind of research design is necessary for researchers to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect? What is random assignment and what role does it play in experimental research designs? What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each versus each other? Chapter 3 4 1. What are the stages of childbirth and what happens during each stage? Under what conditions are cesarean deliveries typically performed? What is the average length and weight of a newborn? What is the Apgar scale? What is considered a â€Å"good† score for these scales? What are the typical activities that women participate in who want to have a natural childbirth? What is an epidural analgesia and when is it used? How does it work? What are the concerns about negative outcomes for the newborn when mother’s have an epidural? 2. What is the definition of for referring to a baby as â€Å"premature†? How many US babies are born underweight? What factors are related to an increased likelihood of a woman having a low birth weight baby? What concerns are there for the health and development of low birth weight babies? What treatments are used to reduce problems for these babies? 3. What is the infant mortality rate in the U. S.? How does this rate compare to other countries? What factors increase the likelihood of infant mortality? What does SIDS refer to? What should new parents know (or do) to reduce the odds of SIDS? 4. What are the health advantages of breastfeeding (both dietary and generally)? What might some social or emotional advantages be? What are the main advantages to bottle-feeding? What are some reasons why mothers do not breastfeed? What role does maternal employment play in breastfeeding duration? Is co-sleeping with infants more common in the U. S. or other countries? What are some concerns about co-sleeping? Why are these concerns less of an issue in developing countries? 5. What are the typical primitive reflexes that are present in newborns? What are postural and locomotor reflexes? What are the rooting, tonic neck, palmar grasp, stepping, and moro reflex? What is the point of babies being born with these reflexes? 6. What are some typical neurophysiological methods to sudy brain functioning? What is lateralization in the brain? What is the cerebral cortex? What are the functions of the left and right hemispheres in the brain? What are neurons, synapse, synaptic pruning, and neurotransmitters? What is the process of myelination? 7. What is classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning? What is habituation and recovery? How is habituation used to study infant memory and knowledge? 8. At what age can most infants support their own heads? Sit alone? Stand alone? Walk alone? Crawl? Grasp a large object (like a rattle) using ulnar grasp? Pass an object from hand to hand? Use the pincer grasp to hold small objects the size of a cheerio or a pea? How many hours on average per day will a neonate sleep (from notes or add the two from chart in the text)? What are the differences in infant smiling at ages 1 month, 4-6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 to 8 months? Chapter 5 1. Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development corresponds to infancy? How do babies think during this stage? What are primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions? What do the terms adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation refer to? What is organization? What are mental representations? What is object permanence and how is it related to Piaget’s theory? What does more recent research suggest about Piaget’s ideas regarding children’s development of object permanence? What does research on violation-of-expectations suggest about infants abilities to think and reason? 2. What approach does the behaviorist approach take towards understanding how babies learn and remember? What are operant conditioning and classical conditioning? note I discuss these in class during Ch. 5, they appear in Ch. 4 of the text) 3. According to the information processing approach (p. 161) what are the major advances in cognition in early development? What are working, short-term, and long-term memory? What is the central execituve? What are the key changes in attention, memory and categorization? 4. How can early interventions (Carolina Abcedarian Project, Head Start) benefit cognitive devevelopment in early childhood? What percentage of mothers with children under the age of 2 work outside of the home? . How do the behaviorist and nativist perspectives on language development differ? At what age do children say their first word? What are the characteristics of early speech? What are overextension and underextension of words/meanings? What evidence regarding nativist perspective on language development did the video on deaf children in Nicaragua provide? When do infants start imitating language sounds? When do babies learn language sounds in their parents’ native language? According to the video in class, at what age can babies learn to sign?

Polands Syndrome essays

Polands Syndrome essays There is a rare and perplexing congenital condition known today as Polands Syndrome. This extremely unusual disorder that is present at birth falls very near and dear to my heart. I will explain in later paragraphs. An anatomy student by the name of Alfred Poland made the first documented observation in 1841 at Guys Hospital in London. Alfred Poland discovered this extraordinary and unexplored abnormality while dissecting the cadaver of a convict that was hung for murder. The description Alfred Poland first provided was that of a congenital thoracic anomalies involving the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor with additional abnormalities on the affected side of the body (ipsilateral) consisting of webbed or fused phalanges (syndactyly). The term Polands Syndactyly was used to describe this disorder until 1967 when Baudinne renamed it, Polands Syndrome. It was felt that the condition would be more accurate if referred to as a syndrome because there were many anomalies then just syndactyly. Today, the laymens definition of Polands Syndrome consists of a developmental disorder that is present at birth. It is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of chest muscles (pectoralis major, pectoralis minor) and abnormally short, webbed fingers or absence of middle phalanges. Additional finding might include underdeveloped or absence of one nipple or breast on the affected side. More extreme cases exhibit upper underdeveloped ribs and or an abnormally short arm with underdeveloped forearm bones. Unfortunately the limitation of Polands Syndrome deformity doesnt always cease here. The medical society has documented isolated cases over the past 100 years of chest wall disfigurement, lung herniation and spine curvature. Abnormalities involving the clavicle, scapula, kidney, testes, heart and associated occurrences of leukemia were also o ...

Infertility and Treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infertility and Treatment - Essay Example Further it is also estimated that about 40% of infertility cases are due to some disorder in male partner, 40% involve a female factor, and the remainder involves both sexes. In women, problems can arise with either or both of gametogenesis and fertilization. As a result of these factors it can reduce or abolish the chances of pregnancy. Statistics suggest that ovulation failure either due to absent or infrequent menstrual cycles accounts for 20% of reported cases of difficulty in conception. Other problems that prevent conception in women include blockage of fallopian tubes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothalamic dysfunction, luteal dysfunction, premature menopause, etc. Blockage of fallopian tubes: Female infertility due to blocked fallopian tubes can be detected by a simple technique called the hysterosalpingography. In this process a radio-opaque dye (methylene blue) is infused into the uterus. If the leakage of dye into the abdominal cavity is noticed through the X-ray diagnosis, then it indicates open tubes, where as if the dye is remaining in the uterus and does not indicate any spillage into the abdominal cavity indicates blocked tubes. Blocked fallopian tubes can result from scarring and adhesions due to infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea that cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In general, simple surgery can clear blockages in the fallopian tube. However, if the procedure is not successful, then in vitro fertilization is recommended procedure. IVF is a procedure in which oocytes are harvested from the ovaries and fertilized by spermatozoa in a dish containing a sterile nutrient solution. It is also possible that tubes get damag ed due to previous ectopic pregnancies. Even in such cases IVF is an option. Disorders of ovulation: Ovulation disorders include amenorrhea, lack of menstrual cycles, and oligomenorrhea, infrequent cycles. Two types of medication are used in case of ovulation disorders. Clomiphene citrate which is an anti-oestrogenic drug that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH is the first set of treatment. If clomiphene treatment does not work, injections of FSH are given. These drugs are administered to stimulate ovulation and help in achieving pregnancy. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): It is the most common cause of ovulation failure in women today. The ovaries typically contain numerous small immature follicles. PCOS can be easily detected through blood tests which measure hormone levels. It is more common in women under 30 years old and is due to an abnormal production of LH and FSH. The basic imbalance of these hormones in the women's body prevents the ovaries from releasing an egg each month. It also results in an abnormally high production of the male hormone testosterone by the ovaries. As a result of this there is increase of facial hairs. A combination of weight losing exercises and hormone treatments can help the patients with PCOS to conceive. Premature menopause: Menopause is a natural phenomenon occurring in women after a certain age. Premature excessive loss of oocytes results in premature menopause in approximately 2% of teenagers and women in their early 20s. In such cases, infertility can be overcome by IVF using donated eggs. Additionally the infertile recipient of the embryos takes oestrogen and progesterone to prepare her uterus for implantation of the embryo. Medical sciences has