Civil Partnership, Marriage & Cohabitation Essay

Common Partnership, Marriage and Cohabitation - Essay Example Standard property law is utilized for these couples.2 Cohabitation law may stretch out to other gender couples, same-sex couples, and dispassionate pairs.3 Therefore, much the same as with standard property law, if a living together couple separates, and it is indicated that one of the accomplices has not monetarily added to the home, regardless of whether that accomplice has contributed kid care or work, at that point than that accomplice is as yet not managed an enthusiasm for the property. This is distinctive in marriage †in marriage, the property is isolated impartially between the companions, paying little heed to the measure of budgetary commitment from the gatherings, or the need thereof.4 This paper will analyze the issues encompassing individuals who live together, just as the particular cases with respect to dwelling together, and will endeavor to make suggestions that would assist couples with being better ensured under the UK law. Dwelling together Law stanzas Marria ge Law Property division is an issue while thinking about living together law and marriage law. Living together couples don't have a similar property rights as hitched couples.5 Basically, if there is a living together couple, and they separate, their property would be partitioned by common property law, which fundamentally implies that the property follows the title †if, for example, there is a house with just one individual's name on the deed, at that point that individual alone is qualified for the property. On the off chance that both individual's name is on the deed, at that point the property would be partitioned between them evenly.6 With conjugal law, it is distinctive †if a conjugal couple separates, the property is isolated between them evenhandedly, paying little heed to whose name is on the deed.7 The Marital Causes Act 1973 gives a court the option to arrange the exchange of property from one gathering to the next upon the documenting of a disintegration of ma rriage, or the court may likewise arrange the offer of property as well.8 This standard is appeared in a few cases that have been chosen in UK Courts. One is Burns v. Consumes, which expresses that if there is a non-working accomplice in a living together relationship, and that non-working accomplice doesn't contribute monetarily towards the acquisition of the house, or the home loan installments, than that life partner isn't qualified for a division of that property.9 The offended party in Burns lived with the litigant, without the advantage of marriage. Valerie, the offended party in Burns, dealt with the kids and remained at home, swearing off a profession and cash of her own. All things considered, when the relationship advanced Valerie went to work, and covered local tabs from her compensation, alongside purchasing furniture and hardware for the house, while likewise burning through cash on youngsters' garments. She additionally adorned the inside of the house.10 Despite all th at the offended party added to the family unit, the offended party didn't get property rights in the house after the couple separated. This was on the grounds that Valerie's commitment to the family unit didn't legitimately add to the funds of the home-she neither made house installments, nor did she add to the initial installment of the home.11 This standard was reverberated in Lloyds Bank plc v. Rosset, which is a case including a wedded couple. 12 In the Lloyds case, the court held that lone monetary commitments to the home, not lead alone, would be important in granting property rights, in this manner the accomplice who didn't contribute monetarily was not qualified for any part of the house. Abbott v. Abbott,13

Central Limit Theorem free essay sample

Focal LIMIT THEOREM There are numerous circumstances in business where populaces are conveyed typically; notwithstanding, this isn't generally the situation. A few instances of circulations that aren’t ordinary are wages in a locale that are slanted to the other side and on the off chance that you have to are taking a gander at people’s ages however need to separate them to for people. We need an approach to take a gander at the recurrence conveyances of these models. We can discover them by utilizing the Central Limit Theorem. The Central Limit Theorem expresses that arbitrary examples taken from a populace will have a typical circulation as long as the example size is adequately enormous. The example mean will be around equivalent to the populace mean. The sample’s standard deviation will be equivalent to the population’s standard deviation. The Central Limit Theorem is so significant in light of the fact that with it we will know the state of the inspecting conveyance despite the fact that we may not realize what the populace dispersion resembles. We will compose a custom article test on Focal Limit Theorem or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The genuine key to this whole hypothesis is the term adequately enormous. On the off chance that the example size isn’t adequately enormous, the recurrence dissemination for the example size won't look equivalent to it accomplishes for the populace. For populaces that are extremely symmetric, example sizes of a few will do. This is because of the way that symmetric populaces will in general have ordinary disseminations as of now. Be that as it may, if there is any skewedness whatsoever, you will require a bigger example size to have typical appropriation. In these cases, a traditionalist figure for an adequately huge example size is more than thirty. Here are the means to finding the probabilities related with an inspecting circulation of x bar. First you have to discover the example mean by partitioning the whole of the examples by the quantity of tests. Next you should characterize the testing circulation. On the off chance that you have an example size that is adequately huge, this will be around typical. The third step is to characterize the likelihood articulation of intrigue. The last advance is to utilize the standard typical dispersion to find that likelihood of intrigue. You do that by finding the z-esteem and changing over it into a likelihood.

Philosophy of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theory of training - Essay Example In spite of the fact that there is just a sketchy access to his work On Education, still it is conceivable to develop a working information on Aristotle’s thoughts on instruction by connecting it to his other existent works. Aristotle believed training to be a Central part of human life (Dovre 2007). Aristotle set instruction and human satisfaction next to each other and accepted that an informed individual happened to be a satisfied individual (Palmer 2007). In that unique circumstance, I do accept that the reason for training is to achieve a proportion of dependability and balance into the human life, along these lines permitting the youthful personalities to have the option to manage the difficulties and feelings of disdain realized by the current financial condition in a decent and limited way. Aristotle set forth the contention that the idea and reasoning of teachers should be set apart by an away from of life (Bergman 2007). In that unique situation, it should be referen ced that Aristotle never thought to be a perspective to be solid and accepted that a way of thinking of life basically happened to be a methodology towards life which happened to have the option to seek after an ever-developing course pair with the real life that happened to be liquid and ever-evolving. I altogether concur with this reason as in it is my firm conviction that in today’s globalized world when the developing innovations are prompting a spreading of the neighborhood work openings around the globe, the understudies of today are like never before required to think about change.

Harry Potter And The Novel The Rye - 1546 Words

The complexity and Rowling’s willingness to take on difficult and contemporary issues such as racism, genocide, classism, and difference – makes Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone uniquely valuable. While both books can be regarded as controversial due to the moral fibre of them, Catcher in the Rye, captures an adolescent protagonist wavering between childhood and adulthood. Holden Caulfield, a confused teenager, explores how adult life appears complex and incomprehensible to teenagers on the brink of entering it. Likewise, Harry Potter focuses on a timid young boy, unsure of his abilities. While both characters are young and dissatisfied with the world around them, Harry finds ways to resemble positive change and adjusts to the world surrounding him. Holden, however, refuses to acknowledge that adulthood scares him, using the ‘museum’ to symbolise something that remains unchanged. By the museum representing childhood as a world of innocence, c uriosity and honesty, readers are able to distinguish that adulthood to Holden is a world of superficiality and hypocrisy and phoniness. (Reference) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, and The Catcher in the Rye both depict bildungsroman. A bildungsroman being defined as â€Å"a novel that recounts the development of an individual from childhood or adolescence to maturity, to the point at which the protagonist recognizes his or her place and role in the world† (Murfin Supryia 39). While Holden Caulfield is an unusualShow MoreRelated Harry Potter: Good or Evil? Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesHarry Potter: Good or Evil? Throughout adolescents, a child is taught to use his or her imagination. A child is read stories of a talking cat or a silly old bear while still young and naà ¯ve. The child is read such stories to encourage use of his or her creativity. The ideas of such characters are for pure amusement and are obviously fictional. Unfortunately, today there are issues of censorship that stifle a person’s creativity. The most recent book being criticized by censors is J.K. Rowling’sRead MoreEssay on Banning Books4604 Words   |  19 Pagesmany lists of censored books that come out every year; one of those lists is the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1990-2000. On this list the Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger ranks at number 13. Forever by Judy Blume ranks at number eight and the Harry Potter series by R.K. Rowling ranks at number seven. Catcher in the Rye is censored because of the incidents of depression, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration , vulgarity, and other erratic behavior. Mainly these areRead MoreEssay on Censorship - The Negative Consequences of Book Banning1501 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom learning about sex, drugs, or violence. In a book titled Banned in the U.S.A. by Herbert N. Foerstel, is a list of the top 50 most banned books in the 1990s. Among these books are The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Catcher in the Rye, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and The Grapes of Wrath. If I am not mistaken these are all books known to be American classics, books that everyone should read. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was on my list of books I was required to read,Read More Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pagesof these works contains a new and exciting concept. If there were nothing striking about these works, they would never have been canonized. However, with these new ideas and points of view comes suspicion and fear. If one critic lauds a novel for giving a new perspective on a controversial issue, there is no doubt that there will also be a citizen looking to maintain the status quo and suppress these new ideas. It is quite clear that the controversial works of great literature Read MoreCensorship Is Ficial Examination And Suppression Of Certain Books2335 Words   |  10 Pagesbooks that some deem to be unacceptable. (Censorship in Young Adult Literature - Video.)Some popular banned books are The Harry Potter Series by J.K. Rowling, Twilight by Stephenie Meyer, The Hunger Games Trilogy by Suzanne Collins, and The Catcher in The Rye by J.D. Salinger. All of these books are very iconic; some were made into into billion dollar movie franchises. The Harry Potter franchise even has its own theme park in Orlando, Florida at Universal Studios. The Twilight Saga has a convention everyRead Morea guide to mysql ch 7 Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesVintage Books | 8.00 | | 0808 | The Edge | Jove Publications | 6.99 | | 1351 | Dreamcatcher: A Novel | Scribner | 19.60 | | 138X | Beloved | Plume | 12.95 | | 2226 | Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban | Scholastic Trade | 13.96 | | 2766 | Of Mice and Men | Penguin USA | 6.95 |Read MoreIs Banning Books Constitutional?1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks constitutional? The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To Kill a Mockingbird. The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics have been vital to the education of many, especially children and adolescents (Banned Books). These great novels both teach important values and educate children about world affairs and classic themes. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been banned at one point in time. InRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 PagesLocke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The European Renaissance [1500-1650 CE] 32 The 17th Century 34 The 18th andRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages Bildungsroman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3]Read MoreBanned Books On The American School System1824 Words   |  8 Pageslist, nine were found in the high school’s library and quickly removed. The districts Book Reviews Committee gave an unofficial suggestion to return five of the books to the shelves, remove two and request parent’s permission to read the last two novels. However, the school board refused to cooperate claiming that the books were filled with un-American ideals, anti- Christian aspects and were â€Å"just plain filthy†. A young student named Steven Pico saw this act as unconstitutional and challenged the

The Child That Lives From Within - 1681 Words

Jazmine Feijo—0884046 Professor Dr. Don Moore Reading and Writing Effectively AHSS 1210 21 November 2014 The Child that Lives from Within Introduction The social sciences often question if psychopathic behaviour is innate or a product of a social environment. Recently, nurture-based theories has gained credibility in understanding how a child’s upbringings can trigger psychopathic behaviour. In the movie Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock, Norman Bates’ downfall proposes how crucial a healthy childhood is to mental health rather than biological vulnerability. Contrary to nature-focused beliefs, not all human behaviour comes from an individual’s genetic makeup, but rather through experiences that become ingrained in the mind like scripture (Cooke†¦show more content†¦The Effect of Childhood on Adulthood Those who argue that humans are born with a preconceived mind structure fail to realize that psychological well-being also relies on healthy early relationships (Marshall and Cooke 213). In Psycho, viewers are able to see the effect of Norman’s childhood and how a healthy upbringing is important even in today’s world. In light of Freudian’s theory termed the Oedipus complex, Norman emulates the mythological king Oedipus: a young boy who is attracted to his mother and resorts to killing his parents out of jealousy (â€Å"Hitchcock Psychoanalysis†, pars. 10). Bates’ infatuation makes him unable to discern where to put his sexual feelings towards his mother. Freud suggests that most children are able to relocate their intimate emotions onto different people and things (Ponce, pars. 4). Although those who cannot experience â€Å"hysterical amnesia which is the repression of infantile sexuality† (Ponce, pars. 4). In this case, biological determin ism (an explanation that psychotic behaviour is an innate deficit) is irrelevant since it is clear that repressed feelings fuel psychotic tendencies. Although some argue that there is â€Å"evidence to support a neurobiological basis of psychopathy† (LaBrode 153), this is not always the case—especially with Norman. At the end of the film the psychiatrist explains that it was only after the death of Normans father’s that Norman began to act bizarrely. Thus, Norman represents real

The Common Disease Of Addison s Disease - 1625 Words

Abstract Addison’s Disease goes unnoticed in a lot of people. Addison’s is sometimes called the uncommon common disease because people are walking around with it but the symptoms are so closely associated with other illnesses, go undetected. Knowledgeable professionals are even hard to find. People knowing living with Addison’s Disease are constantly in fear not knowing if they were to go in a crisis, who would have enough knowledge about the disease to assist. Yes, most first responders, ER staff, physicians’ offices, are clueless. There just isn’t enough information to about this disease to help people with it which is why I chose to be an advocate. My wife has the uncommon common disease and immediately our lives would change. I won’t say it was for worse nor will I say for good, it’s just changed. There are all kind of foundations out there trying to raise awareness of this disease but they are mainly in the larger areas and major hospitals . I want as many people as possible to know about this disease that really does makes it â€Å"impossible† to get out of bed, to know about this disease that makes you feel â€Å"sick as a dog†. I hope to help at least one person know more about this disease each day. Let’s raise awareness. Understanding Addison’s Disease and its impact Of all the things too hear the doctor say, why Addison’s Disease. I felt numb. I didn’t know if I should cry or run. I was confused, again I asked why then I asked how. I was angry for a moment but it laterShow MoreRelatedAddisons Disease - Adrenocortical Hypofunction1402 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: ADDISON S DISEASE 1 Addison s Disease ADDISON S DISEASE 2 Abstract Addison s disease is a disorder that occurs when a person s adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of certain hormones. When Addison s diseased was first discovered the endocrine system was not yet completelyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Autoimmune Diseases834 Words   |  4 Pagesautoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are caused by auto-antibodies, according to auto-antibodies can be divided into: organ-specific, which affects one organ; non-organ specific, which are a multisystem disease. 2.1. Organ-specific 2.1.1. Autoimmune thyroid diseases They are a common cause of thyroid disorders and it is caused by auto-antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH), intracytoplasmic antigen or thyroglobulin. 2.1.1.1.Grave s disease Grave s disease is the mostRead MoreAddison s Disease : Lauren E. Brown1641 Words   |  7 PagesAddison’s Disease Lauren E. Brown Central Carolina Community College  Alongside with organs, bones, and tissues, the human body also functions through hormones. Some of these hormones are produced by the adrenal glands which are located right above the kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that give vital instructions to almost every organ and every tissue in your body. When someone’s adrenal glands do not produce enough amounts of certain hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, thisRead MoreCoexistence of Autoimmune Disease with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Libyan Patients2041 Words   |  8 PagesMATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective clinical study was undertaken on 849 patients admitted in endocrine department of Tripoli Medical Center from December 2007 to July 2008. From the patients files, the concomitant disease presence or absence was also recorded; especially with reference thyroid function. The important investigations as prescribed by the physician were also recorded. patient’s serum level of T4, T3, FT4, FT3 and TSH were measured for 748 patients. The venous blood samples wereRead MoreAddison s Disease : An Autoimmune Disorder Of The Endocrine System Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesAddison’s disease is an autoimmune disorder of the endocrine system. It is a hormonal insufficiency of adrenocortical due to the dysfunction of the adrenal glands. It effects men and women of all ages and races. Delay in diagnosis or treatment can be life-threatening. Treatment requires life-long hormone replacement therapy. Addison’s is predominantly found in Western countries then develo ping ones though it is unknown if individuals are more resilient or are dying undiagnosed. Higher educationRead MoreDescription Of Pseudoseizures Versus True Seizures3543 Words   |  15 PagesMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia). Seizures also have many underlying etiology such as abnormal sodium or glucose levels in the blood, brain infections, brain injuries, brain tumor, drug abuse, electric shock, epilepsy, fever, head injury, heart disease, heat intolerance, high fever, phenylketonuria, poisoning, PCP, stroke, toxemia of pregnancy, kidney failure, malignant hypertension, snake bite, and alcohol withdrawal (Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia). Because of the many underlying symptomsRead MoreHow Cancer Affects The Body, And Their Offspring1218 Words   |  5 PagesRebekah Addison Mrs. Roberts English - 1 9 May 2014 How Cancer Affects the Cells, the Body, and their Offspring Have you ever wondered how cancer forms? Well, cancer starts when a cell s DNA becomes altered. When the DNA is altered, the cells reproduce without restriction and do not die like a normal cell. These extra cells form a mass of tissue that is a tumor. Cancer forms in the genes of our cells, and is able to be carried in the offspring of the person with cancer. The cells are theRead MoreTypes, Diagnosis, And Treatment1427 Words   |  6 Pages Candidiasis Introduction Candidiasis refers to the fungal infection caused by any Candida which is a form of yeast. There are more than 20 species of candida yeast that might cause illnesses in people, but the common Candida species is the Candida albicans (Hospenthal Rinaldi, 2015). However, the yeasts are found in small amounts in the mucous membrane and skin, and they do not cause infection, but the overgrowth would lead to infection. Specific drugs and health issues may cause the yeast toRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : Long Term Damage1144 Words   |  5 Pagesusually develops in childhood and adolescence and patients require lifelong insulin injections for survival. Type 2 diabetes (T2B) usually develops in adulthood and is related to obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diets. This is the more common type of diabetes (representing 90% of diabetic cases worldwide) and treatment may involve lifestyle changes and weight loss alone, or oral medications or even insulin injections. Both main typ es of Diabetes are caused by a combination of genetic andRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Human Health1479 Words   |  6 Pages INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN HEALTH Riddhi S. Patel California Baptist University Influence of Technology on Human Health Modern Technology The aspire to make life less demanding is all because of technology advancements. Because of Modern technology individuals way of life is ameliorating, helps incrementing relaxation time, help getting rid of neediness, and prompt a more prominent assortment of item. Assumption of enormous opportunities, a basic need of human life are given by

Management Cross and Across Borders †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Cross and Across Borders. Answer: Introduction Globalization has led organizations to operate across-borders by establishing business in different countries across the globe. This demand for international operating has led to changes in business environment due to the need for globalization (Mintzberg, 2000, P. 12). As many organizations scramble for global space in there are benefits and challenges that are associated with such business strategies thus the need for organizations to develop strategies that can ensure their success in such business initiatives. Stacey (2007, P. 21) argues that managing across boarders comes with challenges that every organization has to work on to survive in the global environment. This puts managers of such organizations in difficult position to deal with the challenges of globalization. Only organizations that have put proper strategies in place can survive this business environment. This report analyses the concept of management across-borders by looking at the opportunities, challenges and str ategies for managing across-borders. The global context of management Globalization arises with different opportunities that led to interconnectedness of the globe thus allowing people to easily interact with each other. This led to cross-border activities due to lessened distances between nations due to advances in technology, transportation and communication. This led to the development of world governing bodies to try and control business across the globe and regions (Acedo Casillas, 2005, P. 622). Unlike the scramble and partitioning that took place during colonialization, bodies such as the EU, WTO, ECOWAS and NATO have come up as a way of defending regional business to protect the interests of business opportunities that fall within the regions that they come from. In the past, globalization and trade was a matter of developed countries but emerging economies like the BRICS have changed the way business is carried out due to the opportunities that are created by cross boarder opportunities (MacIntosh OGorman, 2015, P. 189). Burkley (2005, P. 8) argues that when organizations operate in across boarders in a global environment, they are faced with geographical management strategies that have to be used to manage challenges that emanate from such opportunities. This leads to the need to manage tensions that is due to divisions in the organization that operates on divided units across the globe. Managers have to develop multiple strategic capabilities and at the same time allow the organization to transfer competencies across-borders. While these business operations will be run in different regions, the core business idea must be maintained and a close link between the mother organizations established to ensure that the business survives. Managers have to ensure that their organizations are simultaneously achieving global efficiency, national responsiveness and the ability to develop and exploit opportunities on a worldwide basis(Braithwaite Drahos, 2000). This has been caused by several factors like Chang es in world output and world trade, type of companies operating across-borders and change in the world order which have shaped the way business is carried out across-borders. This rapid changes in the world lead to new management challenges that are as a result of Cross-cultural diversity and management The analogy of the iceberg has been used to conceptualize the cultural framework as consisting of different layers that are not visible. Whatever is seen is the floating tip of the iceberg (Belhoste Morin, 2013, P. 1529). This means that there are deeper cultural concerns for managers. A deeper understanding of culture is based on looking at the submerged part of the iceberg that consists of expressed value and reflects the basic and taken-for-granted assumptions which form the foundations of each culture. According to Maude (2011, P. 23) management across boarders entails dealing with different cross-cultural situations that may affect a business. As companies globalize and move across-borders they need more people to work with them who will come from different countries and cultures. This creates a complex and important station that cross-border managers have to deal with. Managers not only have to learn to adapt to this new cultures but rather have to align employees from differe nt cultural background to accommodate each other to meet the needs of the organization (Richard, 2005, P. 12). Managers have to overcome differences in communication business activities that will vary from country to country. Such managers struggle with the effect of culture on their work without knowing how it affects them (Braithwaite Drahos, 2000, P. 17). This is because business patterns will vary from country to country, ways of doing business, negotiating and crating contact with clients varies based on the cultural differences that exist between the two people. The culture map is used to explain different types of behaviour that occur at the workplace. This allows managers to identify and plan for available resources within regions by pointing out problems that need to be solved and strengths that can be utilized within the context. This will identify several differences that exist between different groups within the business environment. For example communication and work place etiquettes vary from region to region. The way to manage teams will vary from one region to another. Cultural differences will affect employee attitudes and their abilities to work within the organization. This will lead to challenges like difficulties in allowing groups to openly express their views. This is because ways of approaching issues will vary from one culture to another. For example cultural styles of Asia vary from those in the westernized countries or the US. On the other hand, countries in the Muslim regions have different cultural attributes and the way to approach business. Managers have to understand the cultural differences of the teams that they are dealing with at all times. The manager has to adapt the management style to cope with different cross-border cultural issues across the globe. Characteristics of cross-border managers Research has indicated that to manage across-borders; managers need to have specific abilities that define them with core characteristics that make them successful. Such managers have a personal character that is characterized by an emotional level and uncompromising integrity. Through their emotional ability, cross-border managers connect with people at the emotional level through three steps; sincere interest, effort to listen and ability to understand different perspective of people across-borders. Such leaders also need the ability to deal with uncertainty within the business environment. Managers in cross-border business initiatives deal with certainty more than those working across-borders. This is based on tensions that are brought about by differences in culture thus requiring higher tolerance levels to cope with such cultures. On the other hand, there is the need to balance between local and global business needs to succeed. The manager has to have a global mindset that is important in understanding the differences in culture that may exist within the globe. Different cultures present different needs to manage differently thus posing different challenges to the manager (Hill, 2005, P. 32). Therefore such managers can manage intellectual capital, psychological capital and social capital to ensure that the organization progresses well. Challenges of managing across boarders One major challenge faced by global managers is the exposure to risks which may affect the heath of an organization. The need to integrate human resource and other data functions of the organization is a bigger challenge for many organizations (Verlag, 2011, P. 165). This is because many organizations lack strategies for managing across-borders that have been put in place before. This can lead to poor alignment of resources thus creating risks for the organization. Research has shown that many organizations struggle with compliance and risks that emanate from the global and cross-border business activities. One other challenge is managing multiple human resource systems for every business operation that is carried out across a different country. Every border that the business penetrates needs to have its own human resource system that needs to be integrated into the larger system (Acocella, 2005, P. 34). This presents challenges in human resource management of the organization since it requires a new human capital management strategy that pushes the organization to new levels. Government policies vary from country to country and region to region. This affects business activities and the way to manage. For example many countries are members of regional block bodies that seek to control business activities within these regions. Government policies influence business through monetary policy, control of inflation, subsidies and tariffs, regulations and corporate tax and fiscal policy (Baumol, 2002, P.21). Business managers have that governments are the most challenging figures in business since a single regulation can send shockwaves along the globe affecting a long chain of businesses that fall within the regulated area. These policies affect the economic value of any organization and today the involvement of the government has increased due to the global effects of the economic crisis. Every country charges its custom duties and taxes based on its domestic policies and economic strategies. According to Sawyerr, McGee, Peterson (2003, P. 271), ggovernments a re stepping to control their economy through monetary and economic recovery schemes that affect every business organization. Global organization will be affected most due to changes in the global exchange rates that vary from country to country. Some governments will put sanctions will others will amend or pass new laws that affect business operations within the country. However, in some instances, government policy may have positive outcomes to a business. One other challenge faced by management across-borders is meeting needs of employees who are sent to work across-borders. Many global organizations have a mixture of local employees within the country and expatriates. Expatriates are sent to manage the complex parts of the organization to enable the organization maintain business standards like the one in the mother country (Kohler Chaves, 2003, P. 21). Sometimes expatriates see this as an opportunity for their own individual growth. This raises their expectations and makes it difficult for organizations to meet their needs. Opportunities for cross-border operations The global climate offers a mixture of opportunities and challenges for managers. Changing economic circumstances create business opportunities in some sectors that had been closed and were never open for trade. This allows organizations to exploit these opportunities by tapping into the benefits that can be received from such opportunities. New emerging economies and developed countries offer better business climate as compared to developed countries. They offer cheap labor, available raw materials and resources that have not been exploited before(Kohler Chaves, 2003). Through transfer packaging many organizations have shifted their business operations to these countries to spread their business risk. Some multinational corporations have adopted international contract manufacturing or outsourcing as a way of reducing high domestic labor costs from their countries. Management across-borders opens more opportunities for the organization. Managers can reap the benefits associated with new market opportunities by exploring such markets to ensure that they get the best out of the market. Cross-borders operations offer new business opportunities that need to be exploited by the organization. These are new markets and new resources that may not have been exploited. Through cross-border management the organization is able to access new opportunities that may offer better business opportunities. This is also offers product flexibility by allowing products that are not moving in the domestic country to be tried out in across these borders. Low competition is one of the major factors that has been linked with cross-border operations. Since international markets vary from region to region, organizations can choose regions with less competition and the ones that favor them. This allows for easy business operations and reduces pressure that such businesses face in their domestic countries (Starkey Madan, 2001, P. 12). Developed countries are witnessing increased competition and pressure from market demands where the customers want greater business opportunities. This has led to the need to explore developing markets and emerging economies as a way of diversifying business risks. Strategies for cross-border operations One strategy that a business can use as a strategy for global operations moving across-borders is a development opportunity that makes the organization to grow and diversify its business operations. The analogy of the organization can be used to justify how an organization grows (Lawrenc Lorsch, 2007, P. 4). Differentiation is a strategy that allows business divisions within an organization to grow their own corporate culture within the company. This allows for different approaches that are used to manage business processes within the organization. This can entail having differentiated strategies across-borders. Gasparini Bianco (2011, P. 16) suggests that through differentiation, organizations are able to develop strategies that fit the specific regions that they work in rather than sticking to the original business plan of the organization. Horizontal differentiation can be used to allow employees to report to different functional managers. Spatial differentiation works best for organizations that work across-borders. It allows employees to work in different locations on tasks that are assigned to them. When organizations move across-borders, management may decide to differentiate some units within the organization or develop a full unit within the new region (Child, Faulkner, Pitkethly, 2001, P. 35). Differentiation allows organizations to manage activities separately thus reducing risks that may be associated with such business processes. Sometimes increased differentiation can lead to changes in the organization structure when the differentiated section of the organization grows to accommodate larger organizational processes. Cost leadership is business strategy used to establish competitive advantage through low cost operations. This strategy is driven by the scale, size, scope and efficiency of the organization. This strategy targets exploitation of scale operations of the organization through producing highly standardized products through reduced costs of production. This has been used as a penetration strategy of entering new markets by many organizations (Zimmerman Hudson, 2006, P. 8). Managers need to analyze new cross-border opportunities and develop cost leadership strategies that can lead to penetration in such markets. Through use of modern technologies, businesses can develop new products through cost leadership and access new global and cross-border markets. Walmart is one of the organizations that has used cost leadership strategies to move from one border to another. However, this strategy has been criticized as creating room for new entrants since low cost leadership creates economies of s cale that allows easy entrance into the market. Diversity is an issue in modern management that every manager has to deal with. Diversity management entails developing strategies that seek inclusion of employees from various backgrounds within the organization (Minkov Hofstede, 2011, P. 15). The need for diversity in management has been pushed by a globalized economy that requires inclusion of every individual within the society. The long-term success of any business calls for a diverse body of talent that can bring fresh ideas, perspectives and views to their work. The challenge that diversity poses, therefore, is enabling your managers to capitalize on the mixture of genders, cultural backgrounds, ages and lifestyles to respond to business opportunities more rapidly and creatively. Organizations that operate in society are required to achieve diversity levels that reflect the societies that they work in (Edewor Aluko, 2007, P. 197). The long-term success of any business calls for a diverse body of talent that can bring fresh i deas, perspectives and views to their work. The challenge that diversity poses, therefore, is enabling your managers to capitalize on the mixture of genders, cultural backgrounds, ages and lifestyles to respond to business opportunities more rapidly and creatively. When managing across-borders, diversity refers to heterogeneity of the organization but rather composition of the workforce across nations. This means that managers have to develop a diverse environment that accommodate employees from different backgrounds, perspectives, abilities and disabilities. Many companies, however, still face challenges around building a diverse environment. Part of the reason is the tendency to pigeonhole employees, placing them in a different silo based on their diversity profile. Conc lusion Management across-borders offers both challenges and opportunities for the organization. Businesses that seek to work across-borders focus on tapping the benefits associated with cross-border business operations. Managers have to develop strategies that enable them to access cross-border opportunities. Through differentiation and cost leadership, organizations can reap the benefits associated with cross-border marketing opportunities to increase business efficiencies. Managers need to ensure that proper strategies are put in place to ensure that organizations succeed in their quest for cross-border management operations. Managers can reap the benefits of cross border operations if they put proper strategies in place. References Acedo, F. J. Casillas, J., 2005. Current paradigms in internatiomal management field an author co-citation analysis. International Business Review, 14(1), pp. 619-639. Acocella, N., 2005. Economic policy in the age of globalisation. s.l.: Cambridge University Press. Baumol, W., 2002. The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Belhoste, N. Morin, P., 2013. 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